Which method is used to monitor system performance in real-time?

SCADA systems, or Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition systems, are specifically designed for real-time monitoring and control of industrial processes, including water distribution systems. They utilize various sensors and field devices to collect data about the system's performance, such as pressure, flow rates, and water quality. This information is then transmitted to a central control system, allowing operators to observe current conditions, analyze trends, and respond to issues as they occur.

Unlike manual meter reading, which relies on periodic collection of data and does not provide immediate insights, SCADA systems enable continuous monitoring. Historical data analysis, while useful for identifying trends over time, does not offer the real-time tracking capabilities necessary for immediate decision-making. Similarly, visual inspections of pipelines are necessary for detecting physical issues but do not provide quantitative data in real-time. Therefore, SCADA systems stand out as the most effective method for monitoring system performance constantly and dynamically.